Running

Sprinting

Maximal horizontal force in very short ground contacts: glutes and hamstrings drive hip extension, hip flexors whip the leg through, calves stay stiff and springy.

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Sprinter driving out of the starting blocks, front knee high

Muscles worked

Neck (Front)Upper traps (Front)Front delts (Front)Side delts (Front)Chest (Front)Serratus anterior (Front)Biceps (Front)Forearms & grip (Front)Abs — 50% importance (Front)Obliques — 45% importance (Front)Hip flexors — 75% importance (Front)Quads — 80% importance (Front)Adductors — 50% importance (Front)Shins (tibialis) (Front)Calves — 80% importance (Front)Outer shins (peroneals) — 30% importance (Front)Feet (arch & toes) — 45% importance (Front)Neck (Back)Upper traps (Back)Upper back (rhomboids, mid/lower traps) (Back)Rear delts (Back)Side delts (Back)Rotator cuff (Back)Lats (Back)Lower back (erectors) — 45% importance (Back)Triceps (Back)Forearms & grip (Back)Hip abductors (glute med) — 45% importance (Back)Glutes — 100% importance (Back)Hamstrings — 100% importance (Back)Adductors — 50% importance (Back)Calves — 80% importance (Back)
FrontBack
  • Glutes
  • Hamstrings
  • Quads
  • Calves
  • Hip flexors
  • Adductors
  • Abs
  • Obliques

The movement, phase by phase

  1. Start & acceleration

    Forward lean, powerful pushes — quads and glutes, triple extension.

    • Single-leg / lunge
    • Squat
    • Jump / plyometric
    • Ankle push-off (plantar flexion)
    Neck (Front)Upper traps (Front)Front delts (Front)Side delts (Front)Chest (Front)Serratus anterior (Front)Biceps (Front)Forearms & grip (Front)Abs (Front)Obliques (Front)Hip flexors (Front)Quads — primary (Front)Adductors (Front)Shins (tibialis) (Front)Calves — primary (Front)Outer shins (peroneals) (Front)Feet (arch & toes) (Front)Neck (Back)Upper traps (Back)Upper back (rhomboids, mid/lower traps) (Back)Rear delts (Back)Side delts (Back)Rotator cuff (Back)Lats (Back)Lower back (erectors) (Back)Triceps (Back)Forearms & grip (Back)Hip abductors (glute med) (Back)Glutes — primary (Back)Hamstrings (Back)Adductors (Back)Calves — primary (Back)
  2. Max-velocity ground contact

    Hip extension "claws" the ground back — glutes and hamstrings, stiff ankle.

    • Hip extension
    • Hip hinge
    • Ankle push-off (plantar flexion)
    Neck (Front)Upper traps (Front)Front delts (Front)Side delts (Front)Chest (Front)Serratus anterior (Front)Biceps (Front)Forearms & grip (Front)Abs (Front)Obliques (Front)Hip flexors (Front)Quads (Front)Adductors — primary (Front)Shins (tibialis) (Front)Calves — primary (Front)Outer shins (peroneals) (Front)Feet (arch & toes) (Front)Neck (Back)Upper traps (Back)Upper back (rhomboids, mid/lower traps) (Back)Rear delts (Back)Side delts (Back)Rotator cuff (Back)Lats (Back)Lower back (erectors) (Back)Triceps (Back)Forearms & grip (Back)Hip abductors (glute med) (Back)Glutes — primary (Back)Hamstrings — primary (Back)Adductors — primary (Back)Calves — primary (Back)
  3. Swing & front side

    Explosive hip flexion; hamstrings brake the shin eccentrically — where most strains happen.

    • Hip flexion
    • Knee flexion
    Neck (Front)Upper traps (Front)Front delts (Front)Side delts (Front)Chest (Front)Serratus anterior (Front)Biceps (Front)Forearms & grip (Front)Abs — primary (Front)Obliques (Front)Hip flexors — primary (Front)Quads (Front)Adductors (Front)Shins (tibialis) (Front)Calves (Front)Outer shins (peroneals) (Front)Feet (arch & toes) (Front)Neck (Back)Upper traps (Back)Upper back (rhomboids, mid/lower traps) (Back)Rear delts (Back)Side delts (Back)Rotator cuff (Back)Lats (Back)Lower back (erectors) (Back)Triceps (Back)Forearms & grip (Back)Hip abductors (glute med) (Back)Glutes (Back)Hamstrings — primary (Back)Adductors (Back)Calves (Back)
  4. Arm drive & trunk

    Powerful arm swing counters leg rotation; the trunk stays stiff.

    • Anti-rotation (brace)
    • Straight-arm pull (shoulder extension)
    Neck (Front)Upper traps (Front)Front delts — primary (Front)Side delts (Front)Chest (Front)Serratus anterior (Front)Biceps (Front)Forearms & grip (Front)Abs — primary (Front)Obliques — primary (Front)Hip flexors (Front)Quads (Front)Adductors (Front)Shins (tibialis) (Front)Calves (Front)Outer shins (peroneals) (Front)Feet (arch & toes) (Front)Neck (Back)Upper traps (Back)Upper back (rhomboids, mid/lower traps) (Back)Rear delts — primary (Back)Side delts (Back)Rotator cuff (Back)Lats (Back)Lower back (erectors) (Back)Triceps (Back)Forearms & grip (Back)Hip abductors (glute med) (Back)Glutes (Back)Hamstrings (Back)Adductors (Back)Calves (Back)

Most specific exercises

Drills & sessions in the sport

Work done in the water or on the run itself, next to the strength exercises above.

Common technique mistakes

The technique faults behind most injuries here, and how to fix them.

  • ✗ Sprinting without enough warm-up or after long breaks.

    Why it hurts: Hamstring strains are the most common sprint injury and often happen in cold or unprepared muscles.

    ✓ Instead: Warm up thoroughly, do build-ups, and keep regular sprint exposure through the season.

  • ✗ Neglecting eccentric hamstring strength.

    Why it hurts: The hamstring works hardest while lengthening at the end of the swing phase.

    ✓ Instead: Include hamstring curls with slow lowering and Romanian deadlifts in the plan.

Training notes

  • Hamstring curls and hinges (Romanian deadlift, good morning) are key for hamstring-strain prevention.
  • Keep reps low and fast; stop sets before you slow down.

Mobility to pair with it

  • Dynamic leg swings
  • Hip flexor stretch
  • Hamstring flossing